PCOS

The exact cause of PCOS isn’t fully understood, but it’s thought to involve a combination of genetics, insulin resistance, and hormonal imbalances. High levels of insulin can cause the ovaries to produce more androgens, which disrupts ovulation. Family history also plays a role, making PCOS more likely if a close relative has it.

The symptoms of PCOS can vary but often include irregular or missed periods, difficulty getting pregnant, acne, and excess hair growth on the face or body. Some people also experience thinning hair on the scalp, weight gain, or mood changes. Not everyone with PCOS will have all symptoms, and they can range from mild to more severe.

PCOS is sometimes described in four types rather than strict stages: insulin-resistant PCOS, inflammatory PCOS, pill-induced PCOS, and adrenal PCOS. Each type has different underlying causes, such as hormonal imbalances, inflammation, or previous contraceptive pill use. Identifying which type you have can help doctors tailor treatment.

There isn’t a single “first stage” of PCOS, but early signs can include irregular menstrual cycles and hormonal changes during teenage years. Some people first notice symptoms like acne or excess hair growth in adolescence. Recognising symptoms early can make it easier to manage the condition long-term.

PCOS often begins around puberty, when hormone levels naturally shift. However, it can also develop later in life, particularly if weight gain or lifestyle changes increase insulin resistance. Symptoms tend to build gradually, and many people don’t realise they have PCOS until they try to conceive.

PCOS itself isn’t caused by a single trigger, but factors like weight gain, high stress, and poor diet can make symptoms worse. Insulin resistance and hormonal changes are key drivers of the condition. Managing lifestyle factors can help reduce flare-ups and improve symptoms.

Doctors usually diagnose PCOS using a combination of medical history, blood tests, and ultrasound scans. Blood tests check hormone and insulin levels, while scans can reveal enlarged ovaries with small follicles. A diagnosis typically requires at least two of the three main features: irregular ovulation, high androgens, or polycystic ovaries.

First-line treatment often focuses on lifestyle changes such as maintaining a healthy weight, balanced diet, and regular exercise. These steps can help regulate hormones and improve symptoms. In some cases, medications may also be used to regulate periods, manage insulin resistance, or support fertility.

No, PCOS is not considered an autoimmune disease. It is primarily a hormonal and metabolic condition linked to insulin resistance and excess androgens. However, some studies suggest inflammation may play a role in PCOS, which can overlap with symptoms of autoimmune conditions.

PCOS can be challenging because it often affects multiple aspects of health, from fertility and periods to skin and mood. Many people find the physical symptoms, such as weight gain, acne, or excess hair, impact self-esteem. Managing PCOS usually requires ongoing treatment and lifestyle adjustments, which can be stressful.

Yes, some people with PCOS still experience regular periods, but many have irregular or absent cycles. Hormonal imbalances affect ovulation, making cycles unpredictable for most. Even with regular bleeding, other symptoms such as acne, hair growth, or fertility problems may still be present.