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A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infection that affects parts of the urinary system, such as the bladder, urethra, or kidneys. It occurs when bacteria, most often E. coli, enter the urinary tract and multiply. UTIs can cause discomfort, burning when urinating, and a frequent urge to go to the toilet.

The common symptoms include a burning or stinging sensation when urinating, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and the need to urinate more often than usual. You may also feel lower abdominal pain or pressure. In more severe cases, symptoms can include fever, back pain, or blood in the urine.

UTIs are usually caused by bacteria entering the urinary tract through the urethra and multiplying in the bladder. Factors such as poor hygiene, dehydration, sexual activity, or holding in urine for too long can increase the risk. Women are more likely to get UTIs due to their shorter urethra, which makes it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder.

With treatment, most mild UTIs clear up within three to seven days. Without antibiotics, symptoms may persist for longer or worsen over time. Drinking plenty of water and avoiding irritants like caffeine can help speed up recovery.

Some very mild UTIs may resolve without antibiotics if your immune system fights off the bacteria. However, this isn’t guaranteed, and delaying treatment can allow the infection to worsen or spread to the kidneys. It’s always safest to seek medical advice and begin treatment promptly.

Avoid delaying urination, as holding in urine allows bacteria to multiply. It’s also best to avoid caffeine, alcohol, and spicy foods, which can irritate the bladder. Don’t stop antibiotic treatment early, even if you start to feel better.

Untreated UTIs can spread from the bladder to the kidneys, leading to more serious infections. Dehydration, poor hygiene, and not completing a prescribed antibiotic course can also cause symptoms to persist or worsen. If you experience fever, back pain, or nausea, seek medical attention immediately.

Pregnant women with a UTI should always consult a healthcare professional before taking any medication. Certain antibiotics are considered safe during pregnancy, but others should be avoided. Prompt treatment is important, as untreated infections can increase the risk of complications during pregnancy.